!5<8AB@C==0O 38B0@0
>O2;5=85 38B0@K 2 >AA88
=B5@5A=0 AC4L10 38B0@K 2 >AA88. 5@2>5 ?>O2;5=85 2 A5@548=5 XVIII 25:0 =5 >15I0;> 59 1>;LH>9 ?>?C;O@=>AB8. @>D5AA>@ M;>:25=F88 8 ?>M788 :045<88 =0C: 2 5B5@1C@35 /:>2 (B5;8= ?8A0; 2 1770 3>4C: «...8B0;LO=A:0O 38B0@0 8 55 75<;OG:0<0=4>;8=0, 1;03>40@O @07=K< 8B0;LO=F0<, ?>O28;8AL 2 >A:25, => =8:>340 =5 8<5;8 1>;LH>3> CA?5E0,- B5< 1>;55 GB> >=8 =5 <>3CB 2K?>;=8BL A2>5 =07=0G5=85 2 AB@0=5, 345 =8 25G5@=85 A5@5=04K, =8 2>74KE0=8O =0 C;8F0E =5 ?@8=OBK»3.
>=0G0;C ?@5?>4020B5;8 83@K =0 38B0@5 1K;8 8=>AB@0=FK 8B0;LO=FK 8 D@0=FC7K. 5@2CN @CAA:CN (:>;C 83@K =0 A5<8AB@C==>9 38B0@5 =0?8A0; 8 8740; 2 1798 3>4C 2 5B5@1C@35 3=0F 5;L4, G5E ?> ?@>8AE>645=8N, 682H89 2 >AA88. < 65 8740=0 (:>;0 4;O H5AB8AB@C==>9 38B0@K, 0 B0:65 6C@=0;, 2KE>482H89 A 1812 3>40 ?>4 =0720=85< «!.-5B5@1C@3A:89 B@C104C@, 8;8 !>1@0=85 ;CGH8E @><0=A>2, 0@89 8 @>=4> 4;O ?5=8O A 0::>20=85< 38B0@K», 8 4@C385 =>B=K5 A1>@=8:8.
>AA8N 1K;8 702575=K 8 H5AB8AB@C==0O, 8 A5<8AB@C==0O 38B0@K. A;8 =0 70?045 38B0@=0O
4=8< 87 ?5@2KE ?@>?030=48AB>2 «A5<8AB@C=:8» 1K; 38B0@8AB 8 :>78B>@ =4@59 A8?>
28G !8E@0, :>B>@>@8:8 4>;3>5 2@51@5B5=85 @CAA:>9 A5<8AB@C==>9 38B0@K, >4=0:> 2?>A;54AB288 >:070;>AL, GB> B0:>20O ACI5AB2>20;0 8 @0=55». CAA:CN 38B0@C ?@54AB02;O;8 ?>74=55 B0;0=B;82K5 CG5=8:8 !8E@K: !. . :A5=>2, . . !28=F>2, $. . &8<<5@<0=, . !. !0@5=:>, . $. 5;>H58= 8 4@C385.
!>2@5<5==8:>< !8E@K 1K; 38B0@8AB A0<>CG:0 8E08; "8<>D5528G KA>F:89, B0;0=B :>B>@>3> 24>E=>28; . .. 5@<>=B>20 =0 AB8E>B2>@5=85 «2C:8»:
A5<>3CI89, GB> 70 72C:8! 04=> !5@4F5 ;>28B 8E...
!@548 38B0@8AB>2-«H5AB8AB@C==8:>2» B>3> 2@5<5=8 A;54C5B >A>1> >B<5B8BL 0@:0 0=8;>28G0 !>:>;>2A:>3>, 2KABC?02H53> 2 :>=F5@B0E A . . C18=HB59=>< 8 CA?5H=> 30AB@>;8@>202H53> 70 3@0=8F59.
A5@548=5 XIX 25:0, :0: 8 ?>2AN4C, ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>5 38B0@=>5 8A:CAAB2> 2 >AA88 2KE>48B 87 <>4K, :>78B>@K ?@5=51@530NB 5N. 8B0@8ABK-;N18B5;8 >1CG0NBAO C G0AB=KE ?5403>3>2 8;8 A0<>AB>OB5;L=>, ?>
?@8<8B82=K< A0<>CG8B5;O<. > 2 =0@>45, A@548 0:B5@>2 8 ABC45=B>2, ;N18B5;LA:0O 83@0 =0 38B0@5 >AB05BAO 25AL<0 ?>?C;O@=>9. 5I0=5, :C?FK, ?@8:07G8:8 8A?>;=O;8 ?>4 ?@8<8B82=K9 0::>:85 @><0=AK». "0:>5 ?>
;>65=85 A>E@0=O;>AL 4> =0G0;0 XX 25:0, 70 MB> 2@5<8AB@C==0O 38B0@0 CA?5;0 A51O 4>AB0B>G=> A:><5B8@>20BL 2 <=5=88 F5=8B5;59 2KA>:>9
4=0:> 8 2 MB>B ?5@8>4 M=BC780ABK 38B0@=>3> 8A:CAAB20 ?KB0NBAO 2>7@>48BL 8=B5@5A : =0AB>OI51820OAL 9 3@0<>B=>AB8 38B0@8AB>2. K?CA:0NBAO (:>;K 4;O A5<8AB@C==>9 (02B>@ . . !>;>2L52) 8 H5AB8AB@C==>9 (. $. 5::5@-(5=:) 38B0@; . . CA0=>2 87405B 6C@=0; «8B0@8AB», >A25I02H89 A>1KB8O @CAA:>3> 8 70@C156=>3> 38B0@=>3> 8A:CAAB20.
:BO1@LA:0O @52>;NF8O A>740;0 ?>G2C 4;O <0AA>2>3> A0<>45OB5;L=>3> 8A:CAAB20, 206=>5 <5AB> 2 =5< 70=O;0 38B0@0 8=AB@C<5=B 2 >A=>2=>< 0::>340 A>;8@CNI89 2 0=A0<1;5. B45;L=K5 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=K5 38B0@8ABK (. !. 02;>2-70=G552 2 @>7=><, . . >0:>2 2 !520AB>?>
;5 8 4@.) =5 <>3;8 87<5=8BL C A;CH0B5;59 >B=>H5=8O : 38B0@5 :0: : 8=AB@C<5=BC =5A5@L57=>, :0: 1K A:;04K20;0AL AC4L10 38B0@K 2 >AA88 2 40;L=59H5<, 5A;8 1K =5 ?@8574 2 >A:2C 2 D52@0;5 1926 3>40 =4@5A0 !53>288, <0AB5@AB2> :>B>@>3> :@CB> 87<5=8;> <=5=85 > 38B0@5. 3> :>=F5@BK 2K720;8 =5>1KG09=K9 8=B5@5A =5 B>;L:> C H8@>:>9 ?C1;8:8, => 8 C A5@L57=KE 2. 5;0NI8E ?>?0ABL =0 :>=F5@BK !53>288 1K;> AB>;L:>, GB> 2 >A:25 8E ?5@5=5A;8 87 0;>3> 70;0 >=A5@20B>@88 2 >;>==K9 70; ><0 !>N7>2, 0 2 5=8=3@045 87 70;0 :045<8G5A:>9 :0?5;;K 2 >;LH>9 70; $8;0@<>=88. >=F5@BK !53>288 2K720;8 2>AE8I5=85 4065 A:5?B8G5A:8 =0AB@>5==KE 2, =5 65;02H8E 2845BL 2 38B0@5 :>=F5@B=K9 8=AB@C<5=B. 5?5@BC0@ 1K; @07=>>1@075= 8 A5@L575=, B5E=8:0 8A?>;=5=8O, 72CG0=85 8=AB@C<5=B0 1K;8 =5>6840==> 25;8:>;5?=K<8. >AB>@65==K9 >B7K2 >1 8A:CAAB25 !53>288 8 ?>O2;5=88 =5254>A5;5 2>7<>6=>AB59 38B0@K 40; =0@:>< ?@>A25I5=8O . . C=0G0@A:89. !53>28O 5I5 420 @070 (2 1927 8 1935/36 3>40E) ?@85760; 2 !!! 8 2KABC?0; 2 :@C?=59H8E 3>@>40E AB@0=K, =587<5==> 2K7K20O 2>AE8I5=85.
3> :>=F5@BK 24>E=>28;8 A>25BA:8E 38B0@8AB>2, 2>71C48;8 H8@>G09H89 8=B5@5A >1I5AB25==>AB8, ?@8254H89 : >B:@KB8N 1>;LH>3> :>;8G5AB20 :;0AA>2 38B0@K, D>@<8@>20=8N B0;0=B;82KE A>25BA:8E ?5403>3>2-38B0@8AB>2: . . 30D>H8=0, . . A0:>20, . . /H=520, . . 5;8A0, . . >?>20 8 4@C38E. «>25@=C;8AL ;8F><ý» : 38B0@5 8 :>78B>@K, A@548 :>B>@KE . A0DL52, . (510;8=. (8@>:> 8725AB=K A>25BA:>9 ?C1;8:5 8<5=0 38B0@8AB>2 . . 208>20-@0
!>A54AB2> 42CE @07;8G=KE 284>2 38B0@K 45;05B 5AB5AB25==K< A@02=5=85 8E 2>7<>6=>AB59. !?>@K «H5AB8AB@C=I8:>2» 8 «A5<8AB@C=I8:>2» 8=>340 4>E>48;8 4> >65AB>G5=8O, AC645=8O 1K20;8 87;8H=5 M<>F8>=0;L=K<8, 15A:><8AA=K<8, @57:8<8. 19041906 3>40E 2 6C@=0;5 «8B0@8AB» 2 AB0BL5 ?>
4 =0720=85< «'5B 8;8 =5G5B» . . CA0=>2, 70<0;G820O 4>AB865=8O «H5AB8AB@C=I8:>2», ?KB0;AO 4>:070BL «=5>A?>@8<8AB@C==>9 38B0@K. @545;L=> :0B53>@8G5= A 2KA>BK A2>53> 25;8:>;5?8O 1K; . !53>28O, 70O282H89 2 1926 3>4C: «5=O A?@0H820;8, ?>G56=> A?@0H820BL, ?>G57K =0 A:@8?:5 8 28>;>=G5;8 83@0NB =5 =0 5, 0 =0 4 AB@C=0E? A5 2>7<>6=>AB8 83@K =0 38B0@5 70:;NG5=K 2 6 AB@C=0E; ;8H=OO AB@C=0, CA8;820NI0O 10A, =0@CH05B @02=>25A85 B@048F8>==>3> >1J5<0 38B0@K 8 =5 ?@8405B =8:0:>9 ;53:>AB8. ?@>G5<, ?@8102;5=85 AB@C= 2A5340 ?@>872>48;>AL 48;5B0=B0<8, :>B>@K< A;54>20;> 1K A5@L57=55 @01>B0BL =04 B5E=8:>9 8=AB@C<5=B0 8 =5 4>2>;LAB2>20BLAO B@5=L:0=L5< =5A:>;L:8E 10=0;L=KE <>B82>2. / 1K 8< ?>A>25B>20; ?@81028BL ?0;5F =0 @C:5, G5< AB@C=C =0 38B0@5» 59AB28B5;L=>, !53>28O 40; B0:CN @5:;09 38B0@=>9 H:>;5 8 :;0AA8G5A:>9 38B0@5, GB> ?>A;54=OO AB0;0 2A5 1>;55 @0A?@>AB@0=OBLAO 2 =0H59 AB@0=5, 8 4065 <=>385 «A5<8AB@C=I8:8» =0G0;8 >A20820BL H5AB8AB@C==CN 38B0@C. "5< =5 <5=55, AB@0AB=K9 ?>1>@=8: A5<8AB@C=:8 . 20=>2 4065 =0<=>3> ?>74=55, 2 1948 3>4C, =0AB0820; =0 B><, GB> «...8A?0=A:0O H5AB8AB@C==0O 38B0@0... 2 >AA88... CA?5E0 8 <0AA>2>3> @0A?@>AB@0=5=8O =5 8<5;0 8 =5 8<55B» 8 GB> 59 A2>9AB25==0 «=5:>B>@0O >3@0=8G5==>ABL 2 30@<>=8G5A:8E A@54AB20E, 1>;LH0O B@C4=>ABL >1CG5=8O 8 >A2>5=8O (2 A@02=5=88 A A5<8AB@C==>9)».
!?>@K B0:>3> @>40, ?@0240 C65 =5 AB>;L >AB@K5, 2>7=8:0NB 8 4> A8E ?>@. @O4 ;8 MB> A?>@K > 38B0@5 A:>@55 >=8 > 38B0@8AB0E 8 > ABC? : >3@><=K< 1>30BAB20< <8@>2>9 9 ;8B5@0BC@K, 2 B> 2@5<8AB@C==>9 38B0@K 55 =0<=>3> <5=LH5. <5=0 ;CGH8E 38B0@8AB>2 <8@0 A2O70=K A 8A?0=A:>9 38B0@>9 MB> A>7405B 59 =5>A?>@8@8B5B.
!5<8AB@C==0O 38B0@0, AB02 ;8HL =0F8>=0;L=>9, >:070;0AL 87=0G0;L=> 2 EC4H5< ?>;>65=88, G5< :;0AA8G5A:0O H5AB8AB@C=:0, 8, : A>60;5=8N, ?>:0 =5 =0H;0 «A2>53> !53>28N».
!5<8AB@C=:0 5I5 1>;55 CABC?8;0 A2>8 ?>78F88, :>340 ?@54<5B>< >1I53> C2;5G5=8O AB0;0 4607>20O, 0 70B5< ?>?-:>2 :>B>@KE A@548 ?@>G8E 8=AB@C<5=B>2 1K;0 H5AB8AB@C==0O 38B0@0.