Safety Precautions for Charging and Handling Cylinders The following safety
Rules apply to charging and handling scuba cylinders Carry cylinders by holding the valve and body of the cylinder. Avoid carrying a cylinder by the backpack or harness straps as the quick-release buckle can be accidentally tripped or the straps may fail. Do not attempt to fill any cylinder if the hydrostatic test date has expired or if the cylinder appears to be substandard. Dents, severe rusting, bent valves, frozen reserve mechanisms, or evidence of internal contamination (e.g., water scales...
Objectives Of The Record Keeping And Reporting System
There are five objectives in the diving record keeping and reporting system. 1. Establish a comprehensive operational record for each diving command. The Command Smooth Diving Log is a standardized operational record prepared in accordance with established military practice. This record establishes the diving history for each diving command and constitutes the basic operational record requirement under normal, uneventful circumstances. 2. Gather data for safety and trend analysis. Information...
Portable Surfacesupplied Diving Systems
8-4.1 MK 3 MOD 0 Lightweight Dive System LWDS . The MK 3 MOD 0 LWDS is a portable, self-contained, surface-supplied diver life-support system DLSS . The MK 3 MOD 0 LWDS can be arranged in three different configurations and may be deployed pierside or from a variety of support platforms. Each LWDS includes a control console assembly, volume tank assembly, medium-pressure air compressor optional , and stackable compressed-air rack assemblies, each consisting of three high-pressure composite...
The Runnel Stone
Pouting - There are several wrecks mingled together on the Runnel Stone, but the most distinctive remains are those of the City of Westminster. Throughout the wreck you will encounter large schools of pouting who are very patient with persistent photographers. Dependant on the time of year you will also find shoaling bass, scad and mullet. Nikon F90X, Subal housing, 18-35mm zoom, Elitechrome EBX, f5.6 1 30th, Isotecnic 33TTL and YS30. Further west and close to Lands End is the infamous Runnel...
Timber Sheet Pile Structures
As described in Section 3.7.2, there are many causes of deterioration of timber walls in the marine environment. There are also many methods for the repair and maintenance of timber walls. The repair and maintenance methods fall into four general categories Tieback system installation replacement Wall load modifications 5.10.1 Patching Localized areas that have deteriorated as a result of marine borer infestation or rot can be repaired by patching with underwater cement as described in Table...
How To Carry A Pony Bottle When Diving Doubles
Defining Personal Distance Limit Your navigational skills notwithstanding, there is one last thing to consider with regard to safe exits and that is factoring into your dive plans, your personal distance limit. Personal distance limit is the distance from a safe exit point that you can surface swim without physical over exertion. It is somewhat variable and may be used to gauge how far you can swim from a dive's exit point at depth before it's time to turn around and head back. It's a useful...
Mixedgas Diving Equipment
There are several modes of diving that are characterized by the diving equipment used. The following descriptions outline capabilities and logistical requirements for various mixed-gas diving systems. 13-8.1 Minimum Required Equipment. Minimum required equipment for the pool phase of dive training conducted at Navy diving schools may be modified as necessary. Any modifications to the minimum required equipment listed herein must be noted in approved lesson training guides. 1. MK 21 MOD 1 helmet...
Navseainst 105603
Diving Alterations on Diver Life Support Systems (DLSS) NAVSEA Technical Manual (S0600-AA-PR0-010) NAVSEA Technical Manual (0994-LP-007-8010) Volume 1, (0994-LP-007-8020) Volume 2 U.S. Navy Underwater Work Techniques Manual NAVSEA Technical Manual (SS500-HK-MM0-010.) MK 3 MOD 0 Light Weight Diving System Operating and Maintenance NAVSEA Technical Manual (SS500-AW-MMM-010) MK 6 MOD 0 Transportable Recompression Chamber System Operating and Maintenance NAVSEA Technical Manual (SS600-AH-MMA-010)...
Surface Air Supply Systems
The diver's air supply may originate from an air compressor, a bank of high-pressure air flasks, or a combination of both. 8-6.1 Requirements for Air Supply. Regardless of the source, the air must meet certain established standards of purity, must be supplied in an adequate volume for breathing, and must have a rate of flow that properly ventilates the helmet or mask. The air must also be provided at sufficient pressure to overcome the bottom water pressure and the pressure losses due to flow...
Equipment Authorized for Navy Use Only diving equipment that has been certi
Fied or authorized for use by the NAVSEA 00C ANU list shall be used in a Navy dive. However, many items, such as hand tools, which are not specifically listed in the ANU list or do not fit under the scope of certification and are deemed valuable to the success of the dive, can be used. A current copy must be maintained by all diving activities. The ANU list can be found on the Internet at http 7-2.2 Open-Circuit Scuba. All open-circuit scuba authorized for Navy use employ a demand system that...
Scuba Bottle Floodable Volume
FV Cylinder Floodable Volume in cubic feet N Number of cylinders PI Initial pressure in psig PR Reserve pressure in psig Example A set of twin 80-cubic foot scuba cylinders is charged to 2,800 psig. The floodable volume of one cylinder is 0.399 cubic foot. After equalization, a reserve pressure of 250 psig is assumed. CDC . 0.399 x 2 x (2, 800- 250) EBS volume available - -- The following floodable volume numbers are provided for reference The volume of gas available in the EBS II may be...
Nitrox Mixing
NITROX mixing can be accomplished by a variety of techniques to produce a final predetermined nitrogen-oxygen mixture. The techniques for mixing NITROX are listed as follows 1. Continuous Flow Mixing. There are two techniques for continuous flow mixing a. Mix-maker. A mix-maker uses a precalibrated mixing system that proportions the amount of each gas in the mixture as it is delivered to a common mixing chamber. A mix-maker performs a series of functions that ensures accurate mixtures. The...
Scuba Use During World War II Although closedcircuit equipment was re
Stricted to shallow-water use and carried with it the potential danger of oxygen toxicity, its design had reached a suitably high level of efficiency by World War II. During the war, combat swimmer breathing units were widely used by navies on both sides of the conflict. The swimmers used various modes of underwater attack. Many notable successes were achieved including the sinking of several battleships, cruisers, and merchant ships. 1-3.5.1 Diver-Guided Torpedoes. Italian divers, using...
Pressure In Diving
Pressure is defined as a force acting upon a particular area of matter. It is typically measured in pounds per square inch (psi) in the English system and Newton per square centimeter (N cm2) in the System International (SI). Underwater pressure is a result of the weight of the water above the diver and the weight of the atmosphere over the water. There is one concept that must be remembered at all times any diver, at any depth, must be in pressure balance with the forces at that depth. The...
Underwater Cutting Scuba
The following Glossary of Terms is intended to aid the reader in understanding the materials, tools and processes involved in underwater welding and cutting. Most of the definitions were obtained from the approved list of definitions published by the American Welding Society (AWS). Alternating current (AC). Electricity which reverses its direction periodically. For cycle current, the current goes in one direction and then in the other direction 60 times in the same second, so the current...
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Kerie Cable The advantages of the Kerie Cable are as follows
There is less training and skill required. b. It is applicable to all metal thicknesses. d. It has the ability to cut in hard-to-reach spots without frequent electrode changing. e. There is no electrical hazard after ignition. The electrical circuit is used only for igniting the thermic cable. f. It cuts on the surface as well as underwater. h. Only one gas oxygen is needed. The disadvantages of the Kerie Cable are as follows b. It will not cut concrete, rock, or non-ferrous metals. Learning...
Military Specification Number
Electrodes, oxy-arc cutting Ultrathermic (BROCO) 3 8-inch 1 4-inch Electrodes, SMA cutting and welding E 6013 E 7014 E 7018 E 308 E 309 E 310 E 312 ENiCrFe-2 ENiCrFe-3 ENiCrMo-3 Electrodes, SMA Wet Welding Andersen Easy Weld BROCO SofTouch BROCO SofTouch 3493 3493 3493 3493 3493 3493 3493 3493 N A AWSAS.1-78E7014 N A N A N A N A N A N A N A N A S0300-BB-MAN-010 Table 4-4. Parts Information Kerie Cable (SEELER) 6 mm 50-ft roll 9 mm 50-ft roll 12 mm 100-ft roll 1 4 x 1 4 British Standard Pipe...
Exothermic Electrodes
Figure 2-23 Underwater oxygen-arc cutting electrodes. There are two underwater thermal cutting processes currently approved for underwater use. They are Oxygen-arc cutting with exothermic electrodes, steel-tubular electrodes, and Keri Cable The shielded metal-arc underwater cutting process uses the intense heat of the arc to do the cutting. No oxygen is needed. It is the preferred method when cutting metal of 1 4 inch or less in thickness or when cutting nonferrous or corrosion-resistant metals...
Welding Accessories
In addition to the basic equipment, the following accessories are necessary for underwater shielded metal arc welding. a. A supplementary welding shield attached to the diving helmet fitted with No. 4, 6, 8 or 10 or other appropriate welding lens. b. A suitable grounding clamp (C-clamp) to which the ground lead is bolted or preferably brazed, thus making it easy for the diver to connect the lead to the work. c. A weighted wire brush for cleaning the base metal and removing slag. d. A chipping...
Volume 2 List of Illustrations
6-1 Underwater Ship Husbandry 6-2 Salvage 6-3 Explosive Ordnance Disposal 6-4 Underwater Construction 6-5 Planning Data 6-6 Environmental Assessment 6-7 Sea State 6-8 Equivalent Windchill Temperature 6-10 Bottom Conditions and Effects 6-11 Water Temperature Protection 6-12 International Code Signal 6-13 Air Diving 6-14 Normal and Maximum Limits for Air 6-15 MK 21 Dive Requiring Two 6-16 Minimum Personnel Levels for Air Diving 6-17 Master Diver Supervising Recompression 6-18 Standby 6-19a Diving...
List of Illustrations
1-1 Early Impractical Breathing 1-2 Assyrian Frieze (900 1-3 Engraving of Halley's Diving 1-4 Lethbridge's Diving 1-5 Siebe's First Enclosed Diving Dress and 1-6 French 1-7 Armored Diving 1-8 MK 12 and MK 1-9 Fleuss 1-10 Original Davis Submerged Escape 1-11 Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit 1-12 Emerson-Lambertsen Oxygen 1-13 Draeger LAR V 1-14 Helium-Oxygen Diving 1-15 MK V MOD 1 1-16 MK 1 MOD 0 Diving 1-17 Sealab 1-18 U.S. Navy's First DDS, 1-23 1-19 DDS MK 1 Personnel Transfer 1-20 PTC...
Diving Gauges
4-6.1 Selecting Diving System Guages. Select a gauge whose full scale reading approximates 130 percent to 160 percent of the maximum operating pressure of the system. Following this guideline, a gauge with a full scale reading of 4,000 or 5,000 psi would be satisfactory for installation in a system with a maximum operating pressure of 3,000 psi. Selecting gauge accuracy and precision should be based on the type of system and how the gauge will be used. For example, a high level of precision is...
Is the Wealth Really There Yes
Material possessions are easy to take for granted until you don't have something you need and can't acquire it. I grew up elbow to elbow with people who experienced stark poverty. I saw little kids develop pneumonia for lack of a warm winter jacket. Even for the well-to-do, property represents safety, health, well-being LIFE. For example, I could hock my television to buy my wife medicine. So even non-essential property contributes to your overall well-being. But many Americans don't have a...
Just Gimme Some Space
Some people are poised to benefit more than others. The three big advantage factors are as follows 2. Space (for example, a house versus an apartment). The closer you are to the dumpsters, the bet-, ter. You'll waste less effort and less gasoline if the dumpsters are right around the corner. Of course, it's not likely that you'll have a little farm right in the middle of the city. A little less proximity for a little more land and space is a good deal. Our family farm was located about nine...
Ikelite Slrdc Housings offer eTTL Compatibility
To extend the capabilities of the digital SLR cameras Ikelite designed the SLR-DC underwater housing. This housing is injection molded of clear polycarbonate for strength, visual access to the camera, LCD screens and camera controls. The ergonomic design places camera functionality at your fingertips for the ultimate in creative control. The interchangeable port system accommodates a wide variety of lenses from macro to wide-angle to zoom. The rubber handles offer excellent grip and a quick...
Peter Rowlands
For further details check out www.uwimaging.com www.backscatter.com www.fep.co.uk Canon Digital Rebel Canon 10D Canon D60 Nikon D100 To extend the capabilities of these cameras Ikelite has designed a new underwater housing. This new housing was specifically designed for the smaller digital SLR cameras. Injection molded of clear polycarbonate for strength, visual access to the camera, lcd screens and camera controls. The ergonomic design places camera functionality at your fingertips for the...
Ocean Optics
13 Northumberland Avenue, London WC2N 5AQ Tel 020 7930 8408 Fax 020 7839 6148 UwP's web site statistics show that each issue has been downloaded nearly 20,000 times and this must provide potential advertisers with an excellent vehicle to promote their goods and services to underwater photographers. In order to keep UwP free, the support of advertisers is crucial to our future and your response to these adverts is equally crucial. If you want UwP to continue and grow, please respond to the...
Guidelines for contributors
The response to UwP has been nothing short of fantastic. We are looking for interesting, well illustrated articles about underwater photography. We are looking for work from existing names but would also like to discover some of the new talent out there and that could be you The type of articles we're looking for fall into five main categories Uw photo techniques - Balanced light, composition, etc Locations - Photo friendly dive sites, countries or liveaboards Subjects - Anything from whale...
Digital SLR Housings
Canon EOS Rebel Canon EOS 300D Canon EOS 10D Canon EOS D60 Nikon D70 Nikon D100 To extend the capabilities of the digital SLR cameras Ikelite has designed a new underwater housing. This housing is injection molded of clear polycarbonate for strength, visual access to the camera, lcd screens and camera controls. The ergonomic design places camera functionality at your fingertips for the ultimate in creative control. The interchangeable port system accommodates a wide variety of lenses from...
Techtalk Newsletter
Lhc c news fir underwater phaliqraphy cnthuslnats In this I.5SUC of UUI'UU's I ctfi I ilk News Letter, we'd like to cover different topics Including achieving better colors Dn your Images by Improving the performance of the filters, fee I So n2 cammunitotions, and exped'ting URPRO filter orders. ' Dctcrmlnlni the Correct UftPRP Filter Sire Lo< jtion'Position of URPRO Filters ill Youi Camcio Hpusint r URPRO Color Coi-rcclton Comments * New UI1PHO Easy Order Fox Form r URPRO Security and Co...
James Wiseman
News, Reviews, arid fut urns for Digital Piveti Check out our tnjit recent homing reviewj for the Nikon D10 t Canon DGO, , Fuji Z Pro t d iL R'i, T f Re.idartiilewboutd(gitalworkflow,rt < 1 tu r.i Might ,r _ iharejvur Jratcgrapks anil riLtracL wllh taiuwlcc cable digital phclcgra-pherj in our 1100+ member dijcuukni forum., where,you. will find the rnojt up-t -ths-winutre information on un Her water photography with digital nrrwrah anywhere fn the wtbl . . - _ . . _ I A A ___ All this space is...
New Products
Aquatica is proud to introduce its new housing for the Nikon D90 camera. This exciting product is part of a new line of Aquatica underwater camera housings that are designed and built from a solid piece of aluminum to take advantage of the new, smaller and less expensive D90 DSLR camera, making high quality underwater photography and High Definition video more affordable for the recreational diver. Made of precision machined aluminum and anodized to military specification, the new and...
Rated as the Best underwater photography magazine in the Asia Pacific
SUBSCRIPTION 6 ISSUES (ONEYEAR) Renew my Subscription (FREEX'piorerMembership) Singapore S 32 D Malaysia S 35 Australia A 37.50 Hong Kong S 35 Asean (excl, S'pore & Malaysia) S 45 Rest ofAsia S 50 Outside Asia S 60 SUBSCRIPTION 12 ISSUES (TWO YEARS) Renew my Subscription (FREEX'piorerMembership + NEWSayNo toSharkFinsT-Shirt) Singapore S 60 D Malaysia S 65 Australia A 70 Hong Kong S 85 Asean (excl, S'pore & Malaysia) S 85 Rest ofAsia S 95 Outside Asia S 112 US 10 postage included -world...
Pulmonary Overinflation Syndromes
Pulmonary overinflation syndromes are a group of barotrauma-related diseases caused by the expansion of gas trapped in the lung during ascent reverse squeeze or overpressurization of the lung with subsequent overexpansion and rupture of the alveolar air sacs. Excess pressure inside the lung can also occur when a diver presses the purge button on a single-hose regulator while taking a breath. The two main causes of alveolar rupture are Excessive pressure inside the lung caused by positive...
Underwater Ship Husbandry Uwsh Uwsh is the inspection maintenance
And repair of Navy hulls and hull appendages while the hulls are waterborne. UWSH includes tasks such as patching, plugging, attaching cofferdams, waterborne hull cleaning, underwater weld repair to ship's hulls and appendages, propeller replacement, underwater hull inspection, and nondestructive testing (Figure 6-1). 6-4.1.1 Objective of UWSH Operations. The objective of all UWSH operations is to provide a permanent repair without drydocking the ship. When a permanent repair is not possible,...
Mk 25 Draeger Lar V Uba
The closed-circuit oxygen UBAs currently used by U.S. Navy combat swimmers are the MK 25 MOD 0, MOD 1, and MOD 2 (Draeger LAR V UBA). Refer to Table 18-1 for the operational characteristics of the MK 25. Table 18-1. MK 25 Equipment Information. Table 18-1. MK 25 Equipment Information.
Ground Fault Protection Techniques
Protection methods for preventive electrical shock hazards can be categorized as passive or active protection. The insulation on electrical wire that prevents contact with the energized wires is an example of passive protection. The passive protection methods provide no warning and do not shut down power in the event of a ground fault. Other methods of passive protection are Double Insulation - Provides two layers of insulation with no conductive medium between the insulations. Shielding -...
Operational Characteristics of SSDS Surfacesupplied diving systems can be
Divided into two major categories lightweight full face mask (MK 20), and deep-sea (MK 21) gear. 6-7.3.1 Mobility. Surface-supplied gear allows the diver almost as much mobility as scuba. The primary use for deep-sea gear is bottom work in depths up to 190 fsw. 6-7.3.2 Buoyancy. The buoyancy associated with SSDS varies with the diving dress selected. Variable Volume Dry Suit (VVDS) provides the greatest buoyancy control (see paragraph 7-3.1.2), making it a desirable technique for working on...
NOTE The rules using the 07 ata ppO2 tables are the same for nitrogen and helium however the tables are not
These tables are designed to be used with MK 16 UBA or any other constant ppO2 closed-circuit UBA with an oxygen setpoint of 0.7 ata or higher. When using helium as the inert gas, the amount of nitrogen must be minimized in the breathing loop. Flush the UBA well with helium-oxygen using proper purge procedure in the MK 16 UBA O amp M manual. Tables are grouped by depth and within each depth group is a limit line. These tables are designed to be dived to the limit line. Schedules below the limit...
Surface Decompression
Surface decompression is a technique for fulfilling all or a portion of a diver's decompression obligation in a recompression chamber instead of in the water, significantly reducing the time that a diver must spend in the water. Also, breathing oxygen in the recompression chamber reduces the diver's total decompression time. Other variations will be handled in accordance with paragraph 9-6.2. Surface decompression offers many advantages that enhance the divers' safety. Shorter exposure time in...
NOTE An essential operating or maintenance procedure condition or statement which must be highlighted
WARNING Hyperventilation is dangerous and can lead to unconsciousness and death. (Page 3-20) WARNING Never do a forceful Valsalva maneuver during descent or ascent. During descent, this action can result in alternobaric vertigo or a round or oval window rupture. During ascent, this action can result in a pulmonary overinflation syndrome. (Page 3-23) WARNING Do not use a malfunctioning compressor to pump diver's breathing air or charge diver's air storage flasks as this may result in...
Safety Precautions
The WARNINGS, CAUTIONS, and NOTES contained in this manual are defined as follows WARNING Identifies an operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, or statement, which, if not strictly observed, could result in injury to or death of personnel. CAUTION Identifies an operating or maintenance procedure, practice, condition, or statement, which, if not strictly observed, could result in damage to or destruction of equipment or loss of mission effectiveness, or long-term health hazard...
Recommended Electrical Safety Practices For Divers
By strict adherence to a few basic electrical safety practices, injury from electrical shock hazards can be avoided. REMEMBER Electricity sedes the path of least resistance. electrical tool or device to enter the water first. If an electrical fault exists or occurs, the electrical current will flow through the water and not through the diver's body. The circuit breaker or ground fault detector will trip to notify surface support personnel that a problem exists. After the tool or device is...
Mixedgas Diving
Mixed-gas diving operations are conducted using a breathing medium other than air. This medium may consist of Nitrogen and oxygen in proportions other than those found in the atmosphere A mixture of other inert gases, such as helium, with oxygen. The breathing medium can also be 100 percent oxygen, which is not a mixed gas, but which requires training for safe use. Air may be used in some phases of a mixed-gas dive. Mixed-gas diving is a complex undertaking. A mixed-gas diving operation...
Heat Energy In Diving
Heat is crucial to man's environmental balance. The human body functions within only a very narrow range of internal temperature and contains delicate mechanisms to control that temperature. Heat is a form of energy associated with and proportional to the molecular motion of a substance. It is closely related to temperature, but must be distinguished from temperature because different substances do not necessarily contain the same heat energy even though their temperatures are the same. Heat is...
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning And Scuba Diving Symptoms
Oxygen Consumption and RMV at Different Work Rates. is ample, but a drop to 0.14 ata causes the onset of hypoxic symptoms on the surface. If the ppO2 goes as low as 0.11 ata at the surface, most individuals become hypoxic to the point of being nearly helpless. Consciousness is usually lost at about 0.10 ata and at much below this level, permanent brain damage and death will probably occur. In diving, a lower percentage will suffice as long as the total pressure is sufficient to...
Wall Thickness Determination The
Pipeline must be strong enough to withstand internal pressure, external pressure, and installation stresses. Hydrodynamic Stability The submerged weight of the pipeline must be sufficient to resist movement when subjected to wave and current loads. This evaluation is typically performed for both the installation environment 1-year return period environmental loads and an air-filled pipe and UNUttiVVA it H IN6 ALLA HUN hhoctzdures the operating environment 20-year return period environmental...
Navsea S6430 Ae Ted 010
Where practical, the surface-supplied diving system (SSDS) should be used when working with powered tools (scuba should only be used as a last resort). Pneumatic tools can be effectively used underwater but are generally NOT attractive to use for several reasons 1. The power required (gas volume and pressure) increases with increasing depth of the dive. 2. The exhaust bubbles often obscure vision of the work surface and the escaping gas causes pressure waves, which can nauseate the diver. 3....
Section 22 Underwater Tools
U.S. Navy diving manual, Vol 1 - Air diving. NAVSEA 0994-LP-001-9010, Rev 3. Naval Sea Systems Command 1991 . U.S. Navy diving manual, Vol 2-Mixed-gas diving. NAVSEA 0994-LP-001 -9020, Rev 3. NAVSEA Instruction 10560.2C 1994 . Diving equipment authorized for Navy use ANU . T.W. Ramset. 200HD tool operator's instruction and training manual. Section 2.2.1 Pneumatic Powered Tools Naval Facilities Engineering Command 1992 . Inspection and certification of boilers...
Steel Structures
3.4.1 Types of Steel Structures Structural steel is used in most metal waterfront structures because it is strong, readily available, easily fabricated into any shape, and not excessively costly. In marine applications, steel has many uses as a construction material. Steel piles, either H-piles or pipe piles, are used as support members for open piers, wharves, and other waterfront structures and facilities. Steel sheet piling is used primarily as a retaining wall structure for bulkheads used...
How Does Underwater Suction Pipe Works
Sample air lift pumping mud. Pipe will buck at start up and if inlet is plugged, diver requires communication with surface. Figure 2-35. Sample air lift pumping mud. Pipe will buck at start up and if inlet is plugged, diver requires communication with surface. and then submerging the intake end foot piece into the seabed material. The seabed material starts to lift almost as soon as the low-density fluid in the discharge pipe rises. Experimentation is usually required to determine...
Safety In Underwater Cutting And Welding
This appendix is intended to cover safety precautions to be followed while preparing for and conducting underwater cutting or welding operations. All personnel should read and comprehend the safety precautions listed in this section and the safety summary contained in the front section of this manual. Deviation from established standards are of course potentially dangerous however, the most serious aspect of disregarding safety rules may not be the initial deviation, but the tendency to treat...
Underwater Inspection Procedures
3-1 3.2 INTRODUCTION TO WATERFRONT FACILITIES 3-1 3-2 3-2 3.2.1.3 Wharves and 3.2.1.4 Fender 3.2.1.6 Drydocking 3.3.1 Levels of 3.3.2 Planning for 3.4.2 Deterioration of Steel 3-17 3.4.2.3 Structural Connection 3.4.2.4 Fatigue 3.4.2.6 Foundation 3.4.5 Equipment and Tools 3-23 3.4.5.2 Underwater Magnetic Particle Testing 3-24 3.5.3 Deterioration of Fleet 3-35 3.5.4 Typical Inspection 3.5.4.1 Inspection 3.5.5 Equipment and Tools 3.6 CONCRETE 3.6.1 Types of Marine Concrete 3.6.2 Deterioration of...
Underwater Rebar Locator
Overloading of concrete pile during pile driving. 3.6.2.6 Shrinkage. Shrinkage or contraction can occur from moisture or temperature changes. Hardened concrete that looses internal water due to evaporation will shrink. Any temperature decrease of the concrete will cause contraction. The major cause of microcracks within concrete is from high temperatures generated from the normal hydration of cement. The concrete hardens at a high temperature and later cools to ambient...
Documentation Matrix
The purpose of this matrix is to provide the user of this manual with a listing of additional reference documentation. This is given by reference manual and topic area. The following manuals publications are referenced on the matrix (Table A-1) SAFETY MANUAL - U.S. NAVY Ship Salvage Safety Manual (S0400-AA-SAF-010) SALVAGE MANUAL - U.S. Navy Salvage Manual Vol I Strandings (S0300-A6-MAN-010 2K175) Vol II Harbor Clearance (S0300-A6-MAN-020 2K175) Vol III Afloat (S0300-A6-MAN-030 2K175) Vol IV...
Section 27 Controlled Blasting
CINCLANTFLT Instruction 08530.2 Underwater ordnance, Commander-in-Chief Atlantic Fleet latest edition . CINCPACFLT Instruction 8530.1 Underwater ordnance, Commander-in-Chief Pacific Fleet latest edition . COMTHIRDFLT Instruction 8530.1 Disposal of ordnance at sea, Commander Third Fleet latest edition . Hallanger, L.W. 1976 . Interim field guide to nearshore underwater explosive excavation. Civil Engineering Laboratory, Technical Report R-843. ADA028618 Hallanger, L.W. 1975 . Underwater...
Section 273 Equipment
Use of explosives in underwater salvage. NAVSEA SW061-AA-MMA-010. Department of the Army 1992 . Explosives and demolitions Army field manual. FM 5-250, Chapters 3 and 4. Naval Sea Systems Command 1987 . Use of explosives in underwater salvage. NAVSEA SW061 -AA-MMA-010. Section 2.7.5 Standard Operating Procedures Naval Facilities Engineering Command 1981 . Paints and protective coatings. NAVFAC MO-llO currentiy being revised . Naval Facilities Engineering Commabd...
Sw061-aa-mma-010
Personnel must have successfully completed the Salvage Construction Demolition Course and be assigned the proper blasting Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) 5375. Personnel must complete the Explosives Handling Personnel Qualification and Certification Program at the local command in accordance with OPNAVINST 8023.2. An Underwater Explosives Operation Plan must be prepared before a blasting operation can be conducted. The plan is prepared after a detailed site survey has been done. The plan...
Controlled Blasting
The information provided in this section will provide an introduction to planning and implementing underwater blasting operations. A number of factors that contribute to conducting a successful blasting operation are discussed below. However, underwater blasting must be conducted in accordance with the procedures discussed in the following technical publications NAVSEA SW061 -AA-MMA-010, Technical Manual for Use of Explosives in Underwater Salvage NAVSEA OP 5, Vol 1, Rev A, Ammunition and...
Permits and Authorizations
All underwater detonations require prior approval due to military, environmental, or legal reasons. Federal, State, and local agencies must be contacted. The highest Navy authority has mandated that all Navy activities comply with environmental regulations Navy Fleet Commanders have issued amplifying instructions for underwater detonation requirements. Obstruction or alteration of U.S. navigable water requires authorization via the Army Corps of Engineers. Local and State...
Diving Safety And Planning Checklist
Ensure that all divers have removed anything from their mouths on which they might choke during a dive (gum, dentures, tobacco). Thoroughly drill all personnel in Emergency Procedures, with particular attention to cross-training drills should include Rapid undressing First aid Embolism Near-drowning Blowup Lost diver Rapid dressing Restoration of breathing Electric shock Entrapment D. ESTABLISH SAFE DIVING OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES _ Complete Planning, Organization, and Coordination Activities _...
Class C Welds
The requirements of this section apply to Class C welds. Class C underwater welds are intended for applications where the load-bearing function is not a primary consideration. Fillet welds are the only type of Class C weld addressed in this specification. 9.1.1 Welding procedure specification for Class C welds shall be qualified in accordance with the general requirements of section 5, Part I and II, and the specific requirements of Part I of this section. 9.1.2 All welders, including tack...
Qualification
All welding shall be performed in accordance with a Welding Procedure Specification WPS which meets the requirements of this section. The WPS employed shall be qualified prior to production welding in accordance with the requirements of this section. Satisfactory evidence that the procedure has been qualified shall be submitted to the Customer in the form of a Procedure Qualification Record PQR supporting the WPS and approved by the Customer prior to any...
C2 Classification and Design of Welded Connections
The categorization of welds for underwater welding posed several questions for the D3B Subcommittee on Underwater Welding, including whether to categorize welding by the different processes or procedures used to produce the weld or to establish levels of quality reflecting the mechanical and physical properties achievable with underwater welding processes. The subcommittee ultimately chose the latter criterion as having the most meaning to the user community. For the majority of underwater...
Combat Divers Weaponry
These distances are for operational use only. During training, all divers will be out of the water prior to initiating the explosives. 2. These distances do not take into consideration any effects on the explosion shock wave due to the bottom topography. 3. Although water will reduce the effect of flying debris and shrapnel, in water depths less then 10 m, surface vessels should use the relevant safety distance based on the target material. 28. Small Arms and Ammunition. Combat divers are...
Combat Diving Administration Equipment And Stores
Administrative procedures for combat diving are detailed in B-GG-380-000 FP-002, Canadian Forces Diving Manual, Volume 2, Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus. Annex A outlines additional references relevant to combat divers. 27. Unit Dive Stores Facility. The facility provided for dive stores within unit lines should offer adequate space and security. In addition, it should offer the following a. Section stores area for stores and equipment not on personal charge and...
Recovery Of Equipment
Combat divers will be tasked to recover large high value items, such as an AFV or a bridge pontoon. The combat diver is not trained or equipped to search for objects smaller than weapons. Tasks that combat divers will conduct when recovering equipment are 5. Underwater Searches. Combat divers can conduct searches to locate, and conduct the subsequent recovery of, equipment and personnel. B-GG-380-000 FP-002, Canadian Forces Diving Manual, Volume 2, Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus details...
Contaminated Water
When the potential exists and it is operationally required for combat diving operations to be conducted in mildly contaminated water (MCW), extra precautions must be taken and special procedures must be followed. In general, MCW can be described as any water with a presence of biological or chemical contaminants in excess of that allowed for recreational swimming. Determining the exact levels and types of contaminant is a complex procedure generally requiring testing beyond the readily...
Maintaining Combat Diving Currency and Proficiency
B-GG-380-000 FP-002 Canadian Forces Diving Manual, Volume 2, Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus details the required standard for diver currency and proficiency in the CF. Maintenance of currency and proficiency is the responsibility of the chain of command. Combat divers must be given every opportunity to maintain the standards outlined in B-GG-380-000 FP-002. Operational tempo, career courses, posting assignments, and temporary medical category may prevent a combat diver from maintaining...
Disposition Of Combat Divers
The Land Force combat diving capability is resident in regular force engineer units. CFAO 43-2 Diving Organization, Responsibilities and Administrative Instructions outlines the establishment and organization of combat diving teams. 8. The Army Dive Centre. Mandated to develop combat diving doctrine, training, techniques, and procedures and is the focal point for all matters and policy issues concerning combat diving. 9. Combat Diving Safety. The most effective...
Equipment Used For Underwater Arc Cutting And Welding
4-2.1 Oxygen-Arc and Shielded Metal Arc Equipment. Underwater oxygen arc cutting and shielded metal arc cutting and welding are performed with basically the same equipment. A typical arrangement of this equipment is illustrated in Figure 4-1 additional accessories not shown include scrapers and wire brushes which are used for both underwater cutting and welding operations. The equipment is also listed in Table 4-1. 4-2.2 Diving Equipment. The standard Navy MK 1, MK 12 or Superlite-17 helmets...
Select And Assemble The Diving Team
When planning diving assignments and matching the qualifications and experience of diving personnel to specific requirements of the operation, a thorough knowledge of the duties, responsibilities and relationships of the various members of the diving team is essential. The diving team may include the Diving Officer, Master Diver, Diving Supervisor, Diving Medical Officer, divers qualified in various techniques and equipment, support personnel (tenders qualified divers if possible), recorder,...
Recompression Treatments When No Recompression Chamber
IS 21-4.1 Transporting the 21-4.1.1 Medical Treatment During 21-4.1.2 Transport by Unpressurized 21-4.1.3 Communications with 21-4.2 In-Water 21-4.2.1 Surface Oxygen 21-4.2.2 In-Water Recompression Using 21-4.2.3 In-Water Recompression Using Oxygen 21-10 21-4.2.4 Symptoms After In-Water 21-4.3 Symptoms During Decompression (No Chamber Available) 21-11 21-5 RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE 21-11 21-5.1 Symptoms During Decompression and Surface Decompression (Recompression...
Underwater Shielded Metal Arc Welding Techniques
There are two basic techniques used today in shielded metal arc wet welding the self-consuming technique and the manipulative or weave technique. Paragraph 3-12.3.3 describes the advantages of the self-consuming technique for the less experienced underwater welder. With the self-consuming technique, the electrode is dragged across the work and a significant amount of pressure must be applied by the diver. With the manipulative technique, the arc is held as it would be when welding on the...
Exothermic Cutting Technique Cast Iron Stainless Steel and Non Ferrous Metals
Cast iron, stainless steel and non-ferrous metals do not oxidize therefore, underwater cutting becomes a melting process. The exothermic process develops tip-temperatures in excess of 10,000 oF, which is sufficient to melt these materials with ease. The following technique is recommended a. Keep the tip firmly buried in the puddle. Using a sawing motion, manipulate the electrode in and out of the cut. b. To cut thick, non-ferrous metals, create a puddle and keep the electrode tip slightly below...
What the Well Dressed Diver is Wearing
You want to go dumpster diving but what to wear, what to wear Well, dumpster diving is an informal event. Don't dress sloppily, but don't overdress, either. You want to project the idea that you have a home somewhere. Consider the weather, first. Wear layers of warm clothing or rain gear if necessary. Don't wear bright colors, weird hats, political buttons, or anything else that will make you extremely noticeable. On the other hand, don't dress completely in black...
The Circulatory System
The circulatory system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries. The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to every cell of the body, and carries away carbon dioxide, waste chemicals, and heat. Blood circulates through a closed system of tubes that includes the lung and tissue capillaries, heart, arteries, and veins. 3-3.1 Anatomy. The very large surface areas required for ample diffusion of gases in the lungs and tissues are provided by the thin walls of the...
Operations Planning
Normal diving procedures generally apply to diving in extremely cold environments. However, there are a number of significant equipment and procedural differences that enhance the diver's safety. 11-2.1 Planning Guidelines. The following special planning considerations relate to diving under near ice cover or in water at or below a temperature of 37 F The task and requirement for ice diving should be reviewed to ascertain that it is operationally essential. Environmental conditions such as ice...
Cathodic Protection Systems
Corrosion of steel marine structures is an electrochemical oxidation process where current flows from a more reactive area the anode through the seawater electrolyte to a less reactive area the cathode . This results in the corrosion of the anodic area. Steel is anodic as compared with most other metals that are used in marine structures, but it should also be noted that new steel is anodic to old steel and that highly stressed areas are anodic to nonstressed areas. This illustrates why repairs...
Figure 518 Pile wraps are used on steel Hpile Seal at top prevents water from flushing Bottom is sealed by mud or
Planning and Estimating Data for Steel Pile Maintenance Using Cathodic Protection Description of Task Install a sacrificial anode on a steel pile below low waterline. A 40-pound anode is attached to the pile with a welded connection. Size of Crew Dive station, one laborer. Special Training Requirements Familiarity with removal of marine growth, underwater lifting procedures, and underwater welding. Equipment Requirements High-pressure waterblaster, hydraulic grinder with Barnacle Buster...
Concrete Encasement
Concrete encasement is generally used for concrete piles that have not deteriorated to the point that the pile is not intact and the steel reinforcing is in good shape. In some cases where the pile is broken, the reinforcing steel may be parallel spliced by welding as directed by engineering. The general procedures for repairing concrete using concrete encasement are described in Table 5-21. They are essentially the same as for steel piles as described in Section 5.5.1. Planning and estimating...
Table 530 Figure 4 Timber scab detail
Table 5-31 Planning and Estimating Data for Timber Pile Repair Using Partial Replacement to or Below Mudline Description of Task Repair a severely deteriorated timber pile by posting to the mudline with a new pile butt connected with a pipe sleeve at the base of the replacement section. Total length of repair is 20 to 30 feet. Size of Crew Dive station, two laborers. Special Training Requirements Familiarity with underwater cutting techniques, procedures for removal of marine growth, jetting or...
Figure 1 Repairs to steel sheet pile walls using various patching techniques
Planning and Estimating Data for Steel Sheet Pile Repair Using Epoxy Patch Description of Task Repair a deteriorated steel sheet pile wall by patching with fabric mesh covered with hand-applied epoxy mastic. A 1-ft2 area below the low waterline is to be patched. Size of Crew Dive station, one laborer Special Training Requirements Familiarity with procedures for removal of marine growth and placement of epoxy mastic underwater. Equipment Requirements High-pressure waterblaster, hydraulic grinder...
Magnetic Silencing Facilities
Magnetic silencing ranges can be divided into two general categories Degaussing ranges which are designed to measure the magnetic signature of a vessel Deperming ranges which are designed to modify the magnetic signature of vessels to within acceptable levels. Degaussing ranges typically consist of a linear array of magnetometers located across a navigation channel near a Navy installation. These magnetometers, or sensors, are placed inside support structures and are connected to an...
Surfacesupplied Diving Operations Predive Checklist
Ensure all hoses have a clear lead and are protected from excessive heating and damage. 2. Check hose in accordance with PMS. 3. Ensure that the hose (or any length) has not been used in a burst test program. No hose length involved in such a program shall be part of an operational diving hose. _4. Check that hoses are free of moisture, packing material, or chalk. _5. Soap test hose connections after connection to air supply and pressurization. _6.
Timber Piles
As described in Section 3.7, there are many causes of deterioration of timber piles in the marine environment. There are also many methods for the repair and maintenance of timber piles. Repair and maintenance methods fall into four categories Concrete encasement can be used for timber piles that have not deteriorated to less than 50 percent of their cross-section area. The general procedures for repairing timber using concrete encasement are described in Table 5-21. They are essentially the...
Mk 21 Mod
The MK 21 MOD 1 is an open-circuit, demand, diving helmet (Figure 8-1). The maximum working depth for air diving operations using the MK 21 MOD 1 system is 190 fsw. The MK 21 MOD 1 system may be used up to 60 fsw without an Emergency Gas Supply (EGS). An EGS is mandatory at depths deeper than 60 fsw and when diving inside a wreck or enclosed space. The Diving Supervisor may elect to use an EGS that can be man-carried or located outside the wreck or enclosed space and connected to the diver with...
Minimum Equipment
The face mask protects the diver's eyes and nose from the water. Additionally, it provides maximum visibility by putting a layer of air between the diver's eyes and the water. Face masks are available in a variety of shapes and sizes for diver comfort. To check for proper fit, hold the mask in place with one hand and inhale gently through the nose. The suction produced should hold the mask in place. Don the mask with the head strap properly adjusted, and inhale gently through...
Diver Tender
6-9.10.1 Diver Tender Responsibilities. The tender is the surface member of the diving team who works closely with the diver on the bottom. At the start of a dive, the tender checks the diver's equipment and topside air supply for proper operation and dresses the diver. Once the diver is in the water, the tender constantly tends the lines to eliminate excess slack or tension (certain UWSH tasking may preclude this requirement, e.g., working in submarine ballast tanks, shaft lamination, dry...
Diver Communications
The surface-supplied diver has two means of communicating with the surface, depending on the type of equipment used. If the diver is using the MK 21 MOD 1, or the MK 20 MOD 0, both voice communications and line-pull signals are available. Voice communications are used as the primary means of communication. Line-pull signals are used only as a backup. Diver-to-diver communications are available through topside intercom, diver-to-diver hand signals or slate boards. 8-7.1 Diver Intercommunication...
Predive Procedures
A thorough, well-prepared dive briefing reinforces the confidence level of the divers and increases safety, and is an important factor in successful mission accomplishment. It should normally be given by the Diving Supervisor, who will be in charge of all diving operations on the scene. The briefing shall be given separately from the overall mission briefing and shall focus on the diving portion of the operation, with special attention to the items shown in Table...
Caution Avoid overinflation and be aware of the possibility of blowup when breaking loose from mud It is better to call
Mud and silt may not be solid enough to support your weight. Many hours may be spent working under mud without unreasonable risk. The primary hazard with mud bottoms comes from the concealment of obstacles and dangerous debris. 8-10.3 Searching on the Bottom. If appropriate electronic searching equipment is not available, it may be necessary to use unaided divers to conduct the search. Procedures for searching on the bottom with unaided divers are 1. A diver search of the bottom can be...